DIRB
In this article, we are focusing on the transient directory using Kali Linux tool DIRB and trying to find hidden files and directories within a web server.
A path traversal attack is also known as “directory traversal” aims to access files and directories that are stored outside the web root folder. By manipulating variables with reference files with “dot-dot-slash (…/)” sequences and its variations or by using absolute file paths, it may be possible to access arbitrary files and directories stored on file system including application source code, configuration, and critical system files.
Source: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Path_Traversal
Requirements
Target- BWAPP Labs, DVWA Labs,
Attacker – Kali Linux
Table of Content
- Introduction to DIRB
- Utilizing Multiple Wordlist for Directory Traversing
- Default working of Dirb
- Enumerating Directory with Specific Extension List
- Save Output to Disk
- Ignore Unnecessary Status-Code
- Default Working Vs Not stop on WARNING messages Working
- Speed delay
- Not recursively (-r)
- Show NOT Existence Pages
- Extension List (-X parameter) Vs Extension Header (-H parameter)
- Not forcing an ending ‘/’ on URLs (-t)
- HTTP Authentication (-u username: password)
What is DIRB?
DIRB is a Web Content Scanner. It looks for existing (and/or hidden) Web Objects. It basically works by launching a dictionary-based attack against a web server and analyzing the response.
It comes with a set of preconfigured attack wordlists for easy usage but you can use your custom wordlists. Also, DIRB sometimes can be used as a classic CGI scanner, but remember is a content scanner, not a vulnerability scanner.
The main purpose is to help in professional web application auditing. Especially in security-related testing. It covers some holes not covered by classic web vulnerability scanners. DIRB looks for specific web objects that other generic CGI scanners can’t look for. It doesn’t search vulnerabilities nor does it look for web contents that can be vulnerable.
Source: https://tools.kali.org/web-applications/dirb
Tool DIRB is built-in Kali Linux. Open the terminal and type the following command to get an overview of the tools included in the package:
dirb
-a <agent_string> : Specify your custom USER_AGENT.
-c <cookie_string> : Set a cookie for the HTTP request.
-f : Fine tunning of NOT_FOUND (404) detection.
-H <header_string> : Add a custom header to the HTTP request.
-i : Use case-insensitive search.
-l : Print “Location” header when found.
-N <nf_code>: Ignore responses with this HTTP code.
-o <output_file> : Save output to disk.
-p <proxy[:port]> : Use this proxy. (Default port is 1080)
-P <proxy_username:proxy_password> : Proxy Authentication.
-r : Don’t search recursively.
-R : Interactive recursion. (Asks for each directory)
-S : Silent Mode. Don’t show tested words. (For dumb terminals)
-t : Don’t force an ending ‘/’ on URLs.
-u <username:password> : HTTP Authentication.
-v : Show also NOT_FOUND pages.
-w : Don’t stop on WARNING messages.
-X <extensions> / -x <exts_file> : Append each word with this extensions.
-z : Add a milliseconds delay to not cause excessive Flood.
Utilizing Multiple Wordlist for Directory Traversing
The above attack works by using the default wordlist_files common.txt, but we can change this word list and could select another wordlist for directory traversal. You must follow the following path to view all available wordlists.
You can see from the image below that there are so many text files as wordlist; we can use them as required.
Default working of Dirb
In this attack the common.txt is set as a default word list for directory traversal, the protester can use the following command. Open the terminal and type the following command to start the Brussels Directory attack.
Using the common.txt file, the DIRB returns the enumerated directories found within the target URL as shown in the below image.
Enumerating Directory with Specific Extension List
There are a lot of situations where we need to extract the directories of a specific extension over the target server, and then we can use the -X parameter of the dirb scan. This parameter accepts the file extension name and then searches the given extension files over the target server or machine.
The above command will extract all directory path related to php extension as shown the following image.
Save Output to Disk
For the purpose of the record maintenance, better readability, and future references, we save the output of the dirb scan onto a file. To this, we will use the parameter -o of the dirb scan we can save the output of the dirb scan in a text file.
The above command will generate an output.txt file at the desktop of the enumerated directories.
Now that we have successfully executed the command, now let’s traverse to the location to ensure whether the output has been saved on the file on not. In this case, our location for output is /root/output.txt.
Ignore Unnecessary Status-Code
The Status-Code element is a 3-digit integer where the first digit of the Status-Code defines the class of response and the last two digits do not have any categorization role. In this attack, we are using –N parameter on code 302 as shown below.
As you can grasp from the given screenshot that the dirb scan is ignoring the NOT FOUND code that is., 302.
Default Working Vs Nonstop on WARNING messages Working
During the normal dirb scan as shown below, some of the pages generate warnings; the dirb scan skips those directories where it encounters any warnings.
While doing a scan that is to be done very deeply and verbosely, we want that the dirb scan to not avoid these warnings and do an in-depth scan, hence we use the -w parameter of the dirb scan.
As you can observe the highlighted directory /dev/shell is enumerated even after warning message which is missing in the default scan.
Speed delay
While working in different scenarios, there is some environment we come across that cannot handle the flood created by the dirb scan, so in those environments, it is important that we delay the scan for some time. This can be done easily with the -z parameter of the dirb scan. In this parameter, the time is provided on the scale of milliseconds. Like as shown in our given example, we have given 100 seconds delay to dirb.
Not recursively (-r)
The dirb scan, by default, scans the directories recursively. It means it scans a directory and then traverses inside that directory to scan for more subdirectories. But in some scenarios, where time is insufficient, we set the dirb to not scan recursively. This can be achieved using the -r parameter.
Show NOT Existence Pages
A 404 error is an HTTP status code that means that the page you were trying to reach on a website couldn’t be found on their server. 404 Not Found error messages are frequently customized by individual websites. In some scenarios we need to find the 404 pages too, which dirb skips by default. To find those pages we will use -v parameter.
From given below the image you can observe it has also extracted all those directories are relevant to 404 errors.
Extension List (-X parameter) Vs Extension Header (-H parameter)
By using the –X parameter along with target URL with a specific extension, for example, .php, it enumerates all file or directory with .php extension, but by using –H parameter with specific extension, for example .php along with target URL it will enumerate all files or directories named with php as shown in the given below image.
Not forcing an ending ‘/’ on URLs (-t)
From the attacks used in the previous situations, in order to run the dirb tool, we will have to add a forward slash (/) at the end of the URL to be accepted in dirb. In order to check that we need to try one attack on URL ending without any forward slash.
You will observe that the scan doesn’t get executed successfully because of the lack of the forward slash, the importance of which we discussed earlier in this article.
Try this attack once again with the same command with some changes so in order to run that command we have to add –t in the previous command.
As now we can observe that the even in the absence of the forward slash, we still have successfully executed the dirb scan.
HTTP AUTHORIZATION (-u username: password)
HTTP Authentication/Authentication mechanisms are all based on the use of 401-status code and WWW-Authenticate response header. The most widely used HTTP authentication mechanisms are Basic. The client sends the user name and password as unencrypted base64 encoded text.
So, in order to bypass this kind of authentication with the help of dirb we have used the command below:
As a result, it is shown Status –code 200 for the test: test and authorized credential on target URL.
Proxy URL
Using –p option enables proxy URL to be used for all requests, by default it works on port 1080. As you can observe, on exploring target network IP in the web browser it put up “Access forbidden error” which means this web page is running behind some proxy.
To ensure this prediction, we run the dirb command twice, firstly on port 80 which is by default and further on port 3129 along with –p option which enables proxy parameter.
From the given below image, you can take reference for the output result obtained for above commands, here we haven’t obtained any directory or file on executing the first command where else in the second command executed successfully.
Author: Shu
DIRB is a Web Content Scanner. It looks for existing (and/or hidden) Web Objects. It basically works by launching a dictionary based attack against a web server and analyzing the response.
DIRB comes with a set of preconfigured attack wordlists for easy usage but you can use your custom wordlists. Also DIRB sometimes can be used as a classic CGI scanner, but remember is a content scanner not a vulnerability scanner.
DIRB main purpose is to help in professional web application auditing. Specially in security related testing. It covers some holes not covered by classic web vulnerability scanners. DIRB looks for specific web objects that other generic CGI scanners can’t look for. It doesn’t search vulnerabilities nor does it look for web contents that can be vulnerables.
tools included in the dirb package
dirb – A web content scanner
-----------------
DIRB v2.21
By The Dark Raver
-----------------
./dirb <url_base> [<wordlist_file(s)>] [options]
========================= NOTES =========================
<url_base> : Base URL to scan. (Use -resume for session resuming)
<wordlist_file(s)> : List of wordfiles. (wordfile1,wordfile2,wordfile3...)
======================== HOTKEYS ========================
'n' -> Go to next directory.
'q' -> Stop scan. (Saving state for resume)
'r' -> Remaining scan stats.
======================== OPTIONS ========================
-a <agent_string> : Specify your custom USER_AGENT.
-c <cookie_string> : Set a cookie for the HTTP request.
-f : Fine tunning of NOT_FOUND (404) detection.
-H <header_string> : Add a custom header to the HTTP request.
-i : Use case-insensitive search.
-l : Print "Location" header when found.
-N <nf_code>: Ignore responses with this HTTP code.
-o <output_file> : Save output to disk.
-p <proxy[:port]> : Use this proxy. (Default port is 1080)
-P <proxy_username:proxy_password> : Proxy Authentication.
-r : Don't search recursively.
-R : Interactive recursion. (Asks for each directory)
-S : Silent Mode. Don't show tested words. (For dumb terminals)
-t : Don't force an ending '/' on URLs.
-u <username:password> : HTTP Authentication.
-v : Show also NOT_FOUND pages.
-w : Don't stop on WARNING messages.
-X <extensions> / -x <exts_file> : Append each word with this extensions.
-z <milisecs> : Add a miliseconds delay to not cause excessive Flood.
======================== EXAMPLES =======================
./dirb http://url/directory/ (Simple Test)
./dirb http://url/ -X .html (Test files with '.html' extension)
./dirb http://url/ /usr/share/dirb/wordlists/vulns/apache.txt (Test with apache.txt wordlist)
./dirb https://secure_url/ (Simple Test with SSL)
html2dic – Generate a dictionary from HTML pages
Uso: ./html2dic <file>
gendict – Generator for custom dictionaries
Usage: gendict -type pattern
type: -n numeric [0-9]
-c character [a-z]
-C uppercase character [A-Z]
-h hexa [0-f]
-a alfanumeric [0-9a-z]
-s case sensitive alfanumeric [0-9a-zA-Z]
pattern: Must be an ascii string in which every 'X' character wildcard
will be replaced with the incremental value.
Example: gendict -n thisword_X
thisword_0
thisword_1
[...]
thisword_9
dirb Usage Example
Scan the web server (http://192.168.1.224/) for directories using a dictionary file (/usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt):
-----------------
DIRB v2.21
By The Dark Raver
-----------------
START_TIME: Fri May 16 13:41:45 2014
URL_BASE: http://192.168.1.224/
WORDLIST_FILES: /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt
-----------------
GENERATED WORDS: 4592
---- Scanning URL: http://192.168.1.224/ ----
==> DIRECTORY: http://192.168.1.224/.svn/
+ http://192.168.1.224/.svn/entries (CODE:200|SIZE:2726)
+ http://192.168.1.224/cgi-bin/ (CODE:403|SIZE:1122)
==> DIRECTORY: http://192.168.1.224/config/
==> DIRECTORY: http://192.168.1.224/docs/
==> DIRECTORY: http://192.168.1.224/external/
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